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Building Multimodal Workflows with a Local LLM
Image inputs and structured outputs with Gemma 4 and Ollama The post Building Multimodal Workflows with a Local LLM appeared first on Towards Data Science.
How to Place Vertiport Locations in Any City Using Geospatial Machine Learning
A reproducible Lagos case study with population data, transport access, and airspace constraints The post How to Place Vertiport Locations in Any City Using Geospatial Machine Learning appeared first on Towards Data Science.
Why You Shouldn’t Always Trust LLMs as Judges: Understanding Bias in Automated Evaluation
In the rush to automate evaluation, from grading student code to ranking research papers, we have embraced Large Language Models as judges. They are fast. These units are cheap. They scale. However, at a workshop at DHS 2026, Bhaskarjit Sarmah made a point that stuck with me: “you can’t trust LLM as a judge. I [ ] The post Why You Shouldn t Always Trust LLMs as Judges: Understanding Bias in Automated Evaluation appeared first on Analytics Vidhya.
Uncertainty-Aware Ensemble Deep Randomized Neural Networks for Classification
arXiv:2608.10007v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The current state-of-the-art (SOTA) deep randomized neural networks, such as deep Random Vector Functional Link (dRVFL) and ensemble deep RVFL (edRVFL), treat all training samples uniformly, which limits their robustness and effectiveness when applied to real-world datasets containing noise and outliers. Furthermore, the propagation of contaminated features across hidden layers negatively influences the decision-making capability of these models. To overcome these limitations, we propose intuitionistic fuzzy dRVFL (IF-dRVFL) and intuitionistic fuzzy edRVFL (IF-edRVFL) frameworks that enhance model robustness. The proposed models unify intuitionistic fuzzy theory to exploit sample neighborhood information in the kernel space by jointly considering membership and non-membership degrees for each sample. Membership degrees are computed based on the distance of samples from their respective class centroids, while non-membership degrees quantif
Transformer Geometry Observatory TGO-IV: Developmental Topology Observatory
arXiv:2608.09997v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Transformers have had a profound impact on the world of language processing and computer vision. As efforts to answer the million-dollar question of ``How does a Transformer learn?" have been increasing, existing interpretability studies primarily analyze representations at isolated layers or the network as a whole, while the developmental evolution of individual representations and its manifolds across transformer layers remains underexplored. With this work, we aim at providing a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of representations as the representation point cloud transforms across the layers; thereby attempting to isolate layers or establish a trend which comes closer to justifying how and when raw input representations evolve into task-relevant feature representations. Thus, Transformer Geometry Observatory-TGO-IV introduces a topological framework for analysing the evolution of Transformer representations through the lens of P
Protection Levels for Vision-Based Pose Estimation
arXiv:2608.10023v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Vision-based navigation complements Global Navigation Satellite Systems, but certification demands integrity guarantees that account for faulty measurements. Previous work presented a probabilistic computer vision pipeline for runway-based pose estimation with fault detection inspired by Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring. This work extends that framework by deriving protection levels, which provide probabilistic bounds on pose error that remain valid under undetected faults. We present an algorithm for computing protection levels for the nonlinear Perspective-$n$-Point problem applied to an aviation setting. The algorithm covers all six degrees of freedom of the aircraft pose (position and orientation) directly. We analyze the effect of measurement redundancy, pixel-level prediction uncertainty, and runway distance on the resulting protection levels. To make the results tangible, we demonstrate tradeoffs in the protection levels on
The Impact of Operational-Data Fidelity when Assessing Safety-Critical Autonomous-Vehicle Software
arXiv:2608.10025v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: For safety-critical software, data from the software's operational past (e.g. a sequence of success and failure events experienced by the software) can provide strong statistical support for reliability claims about the software. However, such data might not describe past software failure events in sufficient detail, and this might leave a reliability assessment (based on this data) unable to account for important features of past software failures. In this paper, by extending conservative Bayesian inference (CBI) techniques used in reliability assessment, we illustrate a principled statistical approach for checking the robustness of reliability claims derived from insufficiently detailed operational data. We demonstrate the extent to which insufficient detail in operational data can undermine software reliability claims in autonomous vehicle (AV) safety assessment scenarios. Reliability claims derived from insufficiently fine-grained dat
SPOTting the Future: Lookahead Explanations for Deep Reinforcement Learning
arXiv:2608.09967v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents achieve strong performance in complex environments, yet their decision-making processes remain difficult to interpret. We introduce SPOT (Sampling Policy Observation Tree), a novel model-agnostic, sampling-based framework for interpreting DRL policies. Given access to the policy and an environment simulator, SPOT constructs an interpretable finite-horizon tree by sampling actions and recursively simulating the resulting successor states. The tree provides an empirical representation of the policy's action preferences and their possible downstream evolution. We provide formal guarantees establishing SPOT's asymptotic recovery of the policy's unique most probable action and characterizing its disagreement behavior under high-entropy policies. We demonstrate SPOT in the SUMO-RL traffic-signal control domain. The case study illustrates how its tree-based representation can be used to inspect policy pre
Closed-Loop LLM Co-Pilots for Digital Agriculture
arXiv:2608.09949v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This study evaluates the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex biological systems, evolving from data analysis to autonomous, AI-guided experimentation. The framework is driven by data from a 49-channel phytosensor network, encompassing multispectral, electrochemical, and dielectric modalities. To enhance accessibility, the system provides real-time natural-language interpretation for both specialists and non-experts. However, its core advantage lies in the transition from human-in-the-loop analysis to autonomous control. Processing biophysical data, the LLM evaluates plant physiology and triggers hardware actuators to optimize microclimates, execute phenotyping protocols, or induce controlled stress scenarios. This closed-loop architecture establishes a direct AI-biology interface, enabling data-driven exploration of complex biosystems and ecologies. The framework was validated across three case studies, based on a verti
Stop Calling the First Significant Day a Win
Checking an A/B test until it crosses p The post Stop Calling the First Significant Day a Win appeared first on Towards Data Science.
Should AI Developers Make the Switch from Polars to Pandas?
Not all Python data libraries are created equal! The post Should AI Developers Make the Switch from Polars to Pandas? appeared first on Towards Data Science.
The Budget Split That Explains Itself
How to diversify a budget without losing the shadow prices that explain the result The post The Budget Split That Explains Itself appeared first on Towards Data Science.